Subgroup Analyses
Sex differences in gproxy disaggregated by race/ethnicity and parental education (SES), with heterogeneity tests and SAT/ACT external validity.
Race × Sex Interaction
Sex differences in gproxy vary across race/ethnicity groups. Heterogeneity tests show significant variation in NLSY79 (p < 0.001) and NLSY97 (p < 0.001) but not CNLSY (p = 0.88).
Sex Difference in gproxy by Race Group
Cohen's d (male − female) within each race/ethnicity × cohort cell
| Cohort | Race Group | N | dg_proxy | SE | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NLSY79 | Black | 2,345 | 0.125 | 0.041 | [0.044, 0.206] |
| NLSY79 | Hispanic | 1,361 | 0.312 | 0.055 | [0.205, 0.419] |
| NLSY79 | Non-Black Non-Hispanic | 5,555 | 0.374 | 0.027 | [0.321, 0.427] |
| NLSY97 | Black | 1,784 | −0.159 | 0.047 | [−0.252, −0.066] |
| NLSY97 | Hispanic | 1,346 | 0.060 | 0.055 | [−0.047, 0.167] |
| NLSY97 | Non-Black Non-Hispanic | 3,862 | 0.136 | 0.032 | [0.073, 0.199] |
| CNLSY | Black | 43 | 0.473 | 0.310 | [−0.135, 1.080] |
| CNLSY | Hispanic | 31 | 0.229 | 0.377 | [−0.509, 0.967] |
| CNLSY | Non-Black Non-Hispanic | 109 | 0.369 | 0.193 | [−0.010, 0.748] |
In NLSY97, Black females outscore Black males by 0.16 SD — a reversal from NLSY79's 0.12 SD male advantage in the same race group.
SES Moderation
Sex Difference by Parent Education Tercile
Cohen's d (male − female) within low / mid / high parental-education terciles
| Cohort | SES Bin | dg_proxy | SE | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NLSY79 | Low | 0.088 | — | — |
| NLSY79 | Mid | 0.315 | — | — |
| NLSY79 | High | 0.474 | — | — |
| NLSY97 | Low | 0.108 | — | — |
| NLSY97 | Mid | 0.106 | — | — |
| NLSY97 | High | 0.073 | — | — |
| CNLSY | Low | 0.539 | — | — |
| CNLSY | Mid | 0.501 | — | — |
| CNLSY | High | 0.043 | — | — |
In NLSY79, the sex difference widens with SES (0.09 → 0.47). In NLSY97, there is no SES gradient (0.07–0.11). CNLSY reverses the pattern.
SAT/ACT External Validity (NLSY97)
SAT/ACT Correlation with gproxy by Race
Pearson r between standardized test scores and gproxy (NLSY97 only)
| Test | Race | N | Pearson r | βg | R² |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SAT Math | Black | — | 0.308 | — | — |
| SAT Math | Hispanic | — | 0.410 | — | — |
| SAT Math | Non-Black Non-Hispanic | — | 0.550 | — | — |
| SAT Verbal | Black | — | 0.379 | — | — |
| SAT Verbal | Hispanic | — | 0.392 | — | — |
| SAT Verbal | Non-Black Non-Hispanic | — | 0.529 | — | — |
| ACT | Black | — | 0.432 | — | — |
| ACT | Hispanic | — | 0.369 | — | — |
| ACT | Non-Black Non-Hispanic | — | 0.661 | — | — |